Appendix B summarizes recommended instruments and fundamental information about each one: purpose, content, administration, time required for completion, training needed by the assessor, how the instrument can be obtained, its cost, and persons to contact for further guidance. Some of the instrument summaries are updates of those that appeared in the original TIP 3, and others are new instruments that the Revision Panel identified. Most measures included were developed specifically for young people, and all have established reliability and validity. Full citations to the Mental Measurements Yearbook and Lecesse and Waldron, 1994, appear in Appendix A.
Part I
Summary of Screening Instruments for Substance-Using Adolescents
Title of Instrument:
Adolescent Drinking Index (ADI)
Introduction:
ADI is a 24-item rating scale that quickly assesses alcohol use disorders in adolescents.
Developer/Address:
Adele V.
Harrell, Ph.D.
Philip W.
Wirtz, Ph.D.
Inquiries:
Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Post Office Box 998
Odessa, FL 33556
(800) 331-8378
Purpose:
ADI quickly assesses alcohol use in adolescents with psychological, emotional, or behavioral problems. It also identifies adolescents who need further alcohol evaluation or treatment. ADI defines the type of drinking problem and can help develop treatment plans and recommendations.
Type of Assessment:
ADI can be administered to individuals or groups.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Alcohol use disorders in adolescents
Reading Level:
5th grade
Completion Time:
5 minutes
Credentials/Training:
Minimum of a bachelor's degree in psychology or a closely related field and relevant coursework or training in the interpretation of psychological tests and measurement at an accredited university or college
Scoring Procedures:
On the bottom page of the two-part carbonless answer sheet, the user sums the appropriate values to calculate raw scores. The raw scores are then converted into T scores through the use of tables and plotted on the profile sheet.
Scoring Time:
Approximately 10 minutes
Access and Source of Psychometrics:
Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
See address above
Pricing Information:
$59.00 per introductory kit (includes manual and 25 test booklets)
$22.00 per professional manual only
$40.00 per set of test booklets (25 each)
Reviewed in:
Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12th ed., and Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Adolescent Drug Involvement Scale(ADIS)
Introduction:
ADIS is a 12-item research and evaluation tool developed as a brief measure of the level of drug involvement in adolescents. The scale is an adaptation of Mayer and Filstead's Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS).
Developer/Address:
D.
Paul Moberg, Ph.D.
Center for Health Policy and Program Evaluation
University of Wisconsin at Madison
2710 Marshall Ct.
Madison, WI 53705-2279
(608) 263-1304
dpmoberg@facstaff.wisc.edu
Inquiries:
D.
Paul Moberg, Ph.D.
See address above
Purpose:
To provide a brief paper and pencil screen which assesses level of adolescent use of drugs other than alcohol. Higher scale scores represent higher levels of drug involvement. Intended as a research instrument and/or a screening tool, it has not been validated as a clinical measure. Positive results when used for screening should be followed with an independent clinical assessment process.
Type of Assessment:
Paper and pencil questionnaire for self-administration by adolescents. It can be used in groups or individually. While there are nominally 12 items, the "check all that apply" nature of many of the questions in fact yields answers to 53 discrete questions.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
As scored, ADIS should be interpreted as a unidimensional operational measure of drug involvement. The items making up the scale cover drug use frequency and recency, perceived reasons for use, social context of use, effects of use in multiple life areas, and self- and others' appraisal of the subject's drug use.
Reading Level:
Not ascertained
Completion Time:
4-5 minutes
Credentials/Training:
No specific requirement
Scoring Procedures:
Additive scoring by adding the weights to highest positive answer to each of 12 items. Optional drug use grid (item 13) can also be scored as an index of multiple drug use.
Scoring Time:
2-3 minutes
Related Tests:
The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale (AAIS), developed by John Mayer and William Filstead, is a parallel instrument measuring alcohol involvement. For more information on AAIS, see
Mayer, J., and Filstead, W.J. The Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. An instrument for measuring adolescents' use and misuse of alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 40:291-300, 1979.
Moberg, D.P. Identifying adolescents with alcohol problems. A field test of the Adolescent Alcohol Involvement Scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 93:408-417, 1983.
Access and Psychometrics:
ADIS is in the public domain. The complete scale and source of scoring details are available in Moberg, D.P., and Hahn, L. The adolescent drug involvement scale. Journal of Adolescent Chemical Dependency 2(1):75-88, 1991.
Note: This journal has been renamed Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse.
Pricing Information:
Not applicable
Title of Instrument:
Drug and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, pencil/paper test
Introduction:
This is a 30-item test with four key items.
Developer/Address:
Richard H.
Schwartz, M.D.
410 Maple Avenue West
Vienna, VA 22180
(703) 338-2244
Purpose:
Rapid in-office test for adolescent substance use problems. Sixteen salient questions and four critical questions.
Type of Assessment:
Assesses substance use relationships with parents and parents' use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. Contains questions on depression and suicide.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Substance use disorders and behavior patterns
Reading Level:
6th grade
Completion Time:
10 minutes
Scoring Procedures:
Scores of greater than 6 correlate with "red flags" for drug/alcohol use
Scoring Time:
A few minutes
Access and Source of Psychometrics:
Schwartz, R.H., and Wirth, P.W. Potential substance abuse Detection among adolescent patients. Using the Drug and Alcohol Problem (DAP) Quick Screen, a 30-item questionnaire. Clinical Pediatrics 29:38--43, 1990
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Drug Use Screening Inventory-Revised (DUSI-R)
Introduction:
DUSI-R is a 159-item instrument that documents the level of involvement with a variety of drugs and quantifies severity of consequences associated with drug use. The profile identifies and prioritizes intervention needs and provides an informative and facile method of monitoring treatment course and aftercare.
The DUSI-R is a self-administered instrument. A Spanish version is available
Developer/Address:
Ralph E.
Tarter, Ph.D.
Department of Psychiatry
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
3811 O'Hara Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 624-1070
Inquiries:
Ralph E.
Tarter, Ph.D.
See address above
Purpose:
To comprehensively evaluate adolescents and adults who are suspected of using drugs; to identify or "flag" problem areas; to quantitatively monitor treatment progress and outcome; and to estimate likelihood of drug use disorder diagnosis
Type of Assessment:
A decision-tree approach is used: The information acquired from the DUSI-R should be viewed as implicative and not definitive in that the findings should generate hypotheses regarding the areas requiring comprehensive diagnostic evaluation by using other instruments. DUSI-R is structured and formatted for self-administration using paper and pencil or computer. It can also be group-administered.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Substance use behavior
Behavior patterns
Health status
Psychiatric disorder
Social skill
Family system
School work
Peer relationship
Leisure
Recreation
Reading Level:
5th grade
Completion Time:
20 to 40 minutes (depending on the subject)
Credentials:
Available to drug counselors and other qualified users
Training:
Usual standards for administration of educational and psychological tests and questionnaires. Since the DUSI-R is self-administered and instructions are provided, no training program is essential for either administering or scoring of the instrument.
Scoring Procedures:
First, the Lie Scale score is tabulated to determine validity of the response to the questionnaire. Next, the "Absolute Problem Density" score is obtained for each of domains 1-10, indicating the severity of problem. The "Relative Problem Density" score is then calculated to indicate the severity of problems in each domain relative to the severity of overall problems. The "Summary Problem Index" represents the overall severity of problems from the total universe of DUSI problems. This index or summary score indicates the absolute severity of problems of all types without reference to particular problem areas. Two graphical profiles are constructed based on the absolute and relative problem density scores. Scoring can be done manually or by computer.
Scoring Time:
15-20 minutes
General Commentary:
The adolescent and adult versions are homologous, thereby enabling tracking of individuals on the same dimensions over time. The "Relative Problem Density" score enables ranking of the relative severity of problem types across the 10 domains and thus is an aid to developing an individualized treatment plan. An adult version of DUSI is available.
Access:
Dave Gorney
The Gordian Group
P.O.
Box 1587
Hartsville, SC 29950
(843) 383-2201
www.dusi.com
Source of Psychometrics:
Kirisci, L.; Mezzich, A.; and Tarter, R. Norms and sensitivity of the adolescent version of the Drug Use Screening Inventory. Addictive Behaviors 20:149-157, 1995.
Pricing Information:
$2.00 each for DUSI paper questionnaires; call for price of DUSI software for computer administration and scoring. DUSI is copyrighted.
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire (PESQ)
Introduction:
PESQ is a 40-item questionnaire that screens for the need for further assessment of drug use disorders. It provides a "red or green flag problem" severity score and a brief overview of psychosocial problems, drug use frequency, and faking tendencies.
Developer/Address:
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Department of Psychiatry
University of Minnesota
Box 393, Mayo Building
Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612) 626-2879
winte001@tc.umn.edu
Inquiries:
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
See address above
Tony Gerard, Ph.D.
Senior Project Director
Western Psychological Services
12031 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90025
(310) 478-2061
Purpose:
To provide at a screening level an indication of the need for a comprehensive drug use evaluation and to briefly screen for select psychosocial problems and faking good and faking bad tendencies.
Type of Assessment:
Fixed-format self-report questionnaire
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Drug use problem severity (18 items)
Psychosocial problem (8 items)
Drug use frequency and onset (6 items)
Faking tendencies (8 items)
Reading Level:
4th grade
Completion Time:
10 minutes
Credentials/Training:
PESQ is appropriate for use by a range of health professionals.
Scoring Procedures:
Hand scoring instructions are provided in the questionnaire booklet.
Scoring Time:
3 minutes
General Commentary:
PESQ should not be used as a replacement for a comprehensive assessment.
Access:
Order from Western Psychological Services (see "Inquiries"). PESQ is copyrighted.
Source of Psychometrics:
Winters, K.C. The Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services, 1991.
Winters, K.C. Development of an adolescent substance abuse screening questionnaire. Addictive Behaviors 17:479-490, 1992.
Pricing Information:
$70.00 per PESQ Kit (including manual and 25 tests)
$42.50 per manual
$25.20-$29.50 per package of 25 test forms (cost depends on size of order)
Reviewed in:
Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12th ed., and Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers (POSIT)
Introduction:
POSIT was developed by a panel of expert clinicians as part of a more extensive assessment and referral system for use with adolescents ages 12-19 years (Rahdert, 1991). POSIT was designed to identify problems and potential treatment or service needs in 10 areas, including substance abuse, mental and physical health, and social relations. Related is the POSIT followup questionnaire that was derived from items on POSIT to screen for potential change in 7 out of the 10 problem areas represented on POSIT.
Developer/Address:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health
Elizabeth Rahdert, Ph.D.
National Institute on Drug Abuse
National Institutes of Health
5600 Fishers Lane, Room 10A-10
Rockville, MD 20857
(301) 443-0107
Purpose:
POSIT is a screening tool designed to identify potential problem areas that require further indepth assessment. Depending on the results of the indepth assessment, early therapeutic intervention or treatment and related services may be necessary. POSIT can be utilized by school personnel, juvenile and family court personnel, medical and mental health care providers, and staff in substance use disorder treatment programs. When used in conjunction with POSIT, the POSIT followup questionnaire can be used as a measure of change or an outcome measure.
Type of Assessment:
POSIT is a self-administered 139-item "yes/no" screening questionnaire.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Substance use and abuse
Physical health
Mental health
Family relations
Peer relations
Educational status (i.e., learning disabilities/disorders)
Vocational status
Social skills
Leisure/recreation
Aggressive behavior/delinquency
Reading Level:
5th grade
Completion Time:
20-30 minutes
Credentials/Training:
No special qualifications are necessary to administer POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires as their formats are very clear and straightforward.
Scoring Procedures:
Two scoring systems are available, the original system presented in the Adolescent Assessment-Referral System (AARS) manual and the newer scoring system available from NIDA. The original scoring system includes "red flag" items and one expert-based cut-off score that indicates either a high or low risk for each of the 10 problem areas. In contrast, the newer scoring system does not consider red flag items but includes two empirically based cut-off scores that indicate low, medium, or high risk for each of the 10 problem areas. In the newer system, the total raw score for each problem determines the level of risk for that area.
Scoring Time:
Two seconds for computerized scoring; 2-5 minutes when using the scoring templates placed over the paper and pencil versions of the POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires
General Commentary:
POSIT and POSIT followup questionnaires are brief, easy to use, and specific to the problems and concerns of adolescents. They are not diagnostic instruments and require additional tests for full assessment. Some literacy is required.
Related Tests:
Each problem area identified on POSIT is addressed indepth by one or more of the assessment tools listed in the Comprehensive Assessment Battery (CAB). The POSIT questionnaire and the CAB are available in the Adolescent Assessment/Referral System Manual.
Access and Source of Psychometrics:
To obtain a copy of the POSIT, call Dr.
Rahdert (see "Inquiries" above) or order the Adolescent Assessment-Referral System Manual, Stock #BKD-59, through
National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information
P.O.
Box 2345
Rockville, MD 20847-2345
(800) 729-6686
To obtain the computerized POSIT and POSIT followup, contact the following for pricing information on the currently available computer software:
PowerTrain, Inc.
8201 Corporate Drive
Suite 1080
Landover, MD 20785
(301) 731-0900
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI)
Introduction:
RAPI is a 23-item self-administered screening tool for assessing adolescent problem drinking. It was developed to create a conceptually sound, unidimensional, relatively brief, and easily administered instrument to assess problem drinking in adolescence. Its empirical development involved factor analyses conducted of test-retest data on frequencies of a total of 53 symptoms and/or consequences of alcohol use, as reported by a nonclinical sample of 1308 males and females. The resulting 23-item scale has a reliability of .92 and a 3-year stability coefficient of .40 for the total sample. The advantages of this short, self-administered screening tool are its ease of administration and its standardization, which make it possible to compare problem drinking scores across groups. Please note, however, that RAPI is only a measure of adolescent drinking problems, and additional information about intensity of use, motivations for use, and contexts of use is desirable when conducting a full assessment of problem drinking.
Developer/Address:
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
Erich Labouvie, Ph.D.
Center of Alcohol Studies
Rutgers University
P.O.
Box 969
Piscataway, NJ 08855-0969
(732) 445-3579
Inquiries:
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
See address above
Purpose:
To screen for adolescent drinking problems
Type of Assessment:
Self-administered paper and pencil instrument. Respondents simply circle the number that corresponds to the number of times they have experienced each problem. Items can also be read aloud by an interviewer to clients with reading difficulties or it can be used as a springboard for a discussion of problems related to the client's alcohol use.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Negative consequences of drinking
Reading Level:
7th grade
Completion Time:
10 minutes or less
Credentials/Training:
There is no training required for the administrator.
Scoring Procedures:
The coded numbers (0-4) are added together across items to form a scale ranging from 0 to 69. It can be normed on any sample. In a clinical sample (age 14 to 18) means ranged from 21 to 25 and in a nonclinical sample (age 15 to 18) means ranged from 4 to 8 depending upon age and sex. (Please note that in these analyses items were coded 0-3 with the last two categories combined.) The time frame for responses can be made smaller (e.g., last year or last 6 months rather than last 3 years).
Scoring Time:
3 minutes
General Commentary:
RAPI is appropriate for use in clinical and nonclinical samples of adolescents and young adults. It has been validated on a clinical sample of male and female adolescents aged 14 to 18 years from a treatment program for youth with substance use disorders and on a household sample of 1,308 male and female adolescents aged 12 to 21 years. RAPI can be used to assess the level of problem drinking among adolescents and young adults. It can also be part of a clinical interview in which the clinician addresses each problem related to drinking with the client and uses the results to discuss life disruptions due to drinking and denial of problems. Clinicians may find shorter time frames (e.g., last year or last 6 months) more useful than the last 3-year time frame which was used. RAPI can also be used as an interval scale of problem drinking in research studies.
Access:
Helene Raskin White, Ph.D.
See address above
(The developers request that persons who use RAPI send them their age/sex norms as well as a description of their sample.)
Pricing Information:
It is free, and there is no copyright.
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Teen Addiction Severity Index (T-ASI)
Introduction:
This is a relatively brief assessment instrument developed for use when an adolescent is being admitted to inpatient care for substance use-related problems.
Developer:
The Adolescent Drug Abuse and Psychiatric Treatment Program
Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
2811 O'Hara Street
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
Editors:
Yifrah Kaminer, M.D.
Oscar Bukstein, M.D.
Ralph Tarter, Ph.D.
Inquiries:
Western Psychiatric Institute
See address above
Yifrah Kaminer, M.D.
263 Farmington Ave.
University of Connecticut Health Center
Farmington, CT 06030-2103
(860) 679-4344
(860) 679-4077 (fax)
kaminer@psych.uchc.edu or www.uchu.edu
Purpose:
The purpose of this instrument is to provide basic information on an adolescent prior to entry into inpatient care for substance use-related problems.
Type of Assessment:
Objective face-to-face interview combined with opportunity for assessor to offer comments, confidence ratings (indicating whether the information may be distorted), and severity ratings (indicating how severe the assessor believes is the need for treatment or counseling).
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Chemical use
School status
Employment/support
Family relationships
Peer/social relationships
Legal status (involvement with criminal justice program)
Psychiatric status
Contact list for additional information
The questions asked for each area are fewer in number than many other instruments described in this document.
Reading Level:
Not applicable
Credentials/Training:
Assessors will require training in interviewing troubled youth with substance use problems.
General Commentary:
T-ASI is an interview instrument providing baseline information on adolescents prior to entering inpatient care for substance use disorders. Information is collected in the following eight areas: (1) demographic, (2) chemical use, including consequences of use and treatment experiences, (3) school status, (4) employment/support status, (5) family relationships, including physical abuse and sexual abuse, (6) peer/social relationships, (7) legal status, and (8) psychiatric status, including treatment experiences. At the end of topic areas 2 through 8, space is provided for assessor's comments, a problem severity rating, and "confidence ratings" (assessor's ratings regarding subject's misrepresentation or inability to understand the questions).
Part II
Summary of Comprehensive Assessment Instruments for Substance-Using Adolescents
Title of Instrument:
Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD)
Introduction:
ADAD is a 150-item instrument for structured interviewer administration that produces a comprehensive evaluation of the client and provides a 10-point severity rating for each of nine life problem areas. Composite scores to measure client behavioral change in each problem area during and after treatment can be calculated.
Only 83 items of the 150 ADAD items are used for measuring change: posttest, followup tracking in an evaluation of clients after treatment, and evaluation of treatment outcome. These 83 items are circled on the ADAD form.
Developer/Address:
Alfred S.
Friedman, Ph.D., and Arlene Terras (Utada), M.Ed.
Belmont Center for Comprehensive Treatment
4081 Ford Road
Philadelphia, PA 19131
(215) 877-6408
(215) 879-2443 (fax)
Inquiries:
Alfred S.
Friedman, Ph.D., and Arlene Terras, M.Ed.
See address above
Purpose:
To assess substance use and other life problems, to assist with treatment planning, and to assess changes in life problem areas and severity over time
Type of Assessment:
Structured interview
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Medical
School
Employment
Social relations
Family and background relationships
Psychological
Legal
Alcohol use
Drug use
Checklists:
A special feature of ADAD is three problem checklists in the medical, school, and family sections. These lists, which require only a yes or no response from the adolescent, enable the interviewer to gather a considerable amount of information from the youth in an easy and efficient manner. The items on the problem checklists were selected from longer lists of items of an open-ended instrument that had been administered to several different populations of adolescent substance users. The items that were found to predict treatment outcome to the most significant degree were selected for inclusion in the ADAD.
Reading Level:
Not applicable; a staff person interviews the client.
Completion Time:
45-55 minutes
Credentials/Training:
A 1-day training session is recommended. As an alternate minimal training method, a training videotape is available at a cost of $25.00. Technical assistance for this training procedure is available at no cost by telephone.
The videotape shows an actual ADAD interview which can be used as (1) a simple model for the administration of the instrument, and (2) a means of developing proficiency with assigning severity ratings (by comparing the trainee's severity ratings with those of the trainer).
Scoring Procedures:
Each life problem area is scored for problem severity on a 10-point scale. Collectively, these scores are referred to as the Interviewer Severity Ratings and comprise a comprehensive adolescent life problem profile.
The interviewer's ratings usually reflect the judgment of the severity of the problems based on the historical perspective of the client's behavior and life conditions over a period of time that is longer than the most recent 30-day period covered by the items that are included in the formulas for deriving the composite scores.
Mathematically derived composite scores (based on a formula for weighting selected item scores) can be used to assess changes in problem severity over time. These scores are independent of both the interviewer's clinical judgment of the "severity" of each life problem area, as well as the adolescent client's problem severity and treatment need self-ratings.
Scoring Time:
Less than 10 minutes
General Commentary:
Although ADAD was originally developed for use with adolescents in substance use disorder treatment settings, it has proved useful as a general assessment tool for adolescents in school settings, youth social service agencies, mental health facilities, and facilities and programs within the criminal justice system. Formal ADAD training sessions have been provided to intake workers, drug counselors, and therapists in 12 States. It has also been translated into French, Swedish, and Greek.
A computerized version for administration of ADAD, which has been developed by the Target Cities Research Project at the University of Akron in Akron, Ohio, is now available on disk. This software version of ADAD provides a narrative summary of the data collected from each individual client that is intended to facilitate report writing and treatment planning.
Normative Information:
The standardization sample consists of 1,042 clients admitted to six outpatient programs (n=683), three residential, nonhospital programs (n=157), and three hospital programs (n=202). Some of the demographics of this standardization sample are
Mean age: 15.6 years
Sex distribution: 73 percent male, 27 percent female
Race distribution: 53 percent white, 25 percent African-American, 20 percent Hispanic, and 2 percent other
Mean school grade completed: 8.1
There were an insignificant number of Native Americans in the standardization sample; therefore, ADAD may not be appropriate for use with Native Americans.
Psychometrics:
Good two-year rater interrater reliability (r=0.85-0.97) was demonstrated for the interviewers' severity ratings of the nine life problem areas. Good test-retest reliability was shown for interviewer severity ratings (r between .83 and .96) and for the composite scores (r between .91 and .99), except for the employment of life problems area (r=.71). Adequate concurrent (external) validity (r between .43 and .67) was established for all but two life problem areas (by correlating with scores obtained on other previously validated instruments that purported to measure the same life problem area). The exceptions were the medical and social relations life problem areas; obtained correlations were lower.
Access:
From developers (see above for address)
Pricing Information:
$15.00 per instruction manual
$25.00 per training videotape
$40.00 per computerized version of the ADAD with a manual for installing and using software
ADAD is in the public domain. In response to inquiries about ADAD, the following items are sent free of charge: a copy of ADAD instrument; a copy of the original journal paper about the ADAD which describes its development, its psychometric properties, and its normative sample; a letter that provides additional information about the ADAD and a price list.
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Adolescent Diagnostic Interview (ADI)
Introduction:
ADI is a structured interview designed to assess DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. It also measures several domains of level of functioning including peers, opposite sex relationships, school behavior and performances, home behavior, and life stress events. ADI also screens for several coexisting mental/behavioral disorders, and it screens for memory and orientation problems.
Developer/Address:
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse
Department of Psychiatry
University of MinnesotaBox 393, Mayo Building
Minneapolis, MN 55455
(612) 626-2879
winte001@tc.umn.edu
George Henly, Ph.D.
Department of Counseling
University of North Dakota
Box 8262
University Station
Grand Forks, ND 58202
Inquiries:
Ken Winters, Ph.D.
See address above
Tony Gerard, Ph.D.
Senior Project Director
Western Psychological Services
12031 Wilshire Boulevard
Los Angeles, CA 90025
(310) 478-2061
Purpose:
To provide diagnostic and level of functioning information for adolescents suspected of drug use and to screen for mental/behavioral problems that often accompany adolescent drug use
Type of Assessment:
Structured interview
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Substance use diagnostic criteria (DSM-III-R and DSM-IV)
Demographics
Psychosocial stressors
Level of functioning; screening for other disorders
Screening for memory/orientation
Completion Time:
30-90 minutes
Credentials/Training:
ADI is available to "qualified professional users" as defined by the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association.
Scoring Procedures:
Hand-scoring instructions are provided in the booklet.
Scoring Time:
10-15 minutes
General Commentary:
ADI provides diagnostic coverage for all the major psychoactive substances.
Access:
Order from Western Psychological Services (see "Inquiries"). ADI is copyrighted.
Pricing Information:
$75.00 per ADI kit (including manual and five administration booklets)
$45.00 per ADI manual
$29.90-$32.00 per package of five administration booklets (cost depends on size of order)
Source of Psychometrics:
Winters, K.C., and Henly, G.A. Adolescent Diagnostic Interview Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1993.
Winters, K.C.; Stinchfield, R.D.; Henly, G.A.; and Fulkerson, J. Measuring alcohol and cannabis use disorders in an adolescent clinical sample. Psychology of Addictive Disorders 7:185-196, 1993.
Winters, K.C.; Latimer, W.W.; and Stinchfield, R.D. DSM-IV criteria for adolescent alcohol and cannabis use disorders. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, in press.
Reviewed in:
Mental Measurements Yearbook, 12th ed., and Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
Adolescent Self-Assessment Profile (ASAP)
Introduction:
ASAP is a 225-item self-report instrument comprising 20 basic scales and 15 supplemental scales that provides primary order and broad scale measurement of (1) six major risk-resiliency factors; (2) assessment of drug use benefits, involvement, and disruption; and (3) degree of drug use involvement in nine drug use categories. The core common factor structure of ASAP is based on the six primary risk-resiliency factors identified in the literature--family, mental health, school adjustment, peer influence, deviancy, and drug use symptoms--and has been validated across independent samples.
Developer:
Kenneth Wanberg, Ph.D.
Center for Addictions Research and Evaluation
5460 Ward Road
Suite 140
Arvada, CO 80002
(303) 421-1261
(303) 467-1985 (fax)
To provide a differential assessment of the adolescent's psychosocial adjustment and substance use involvement, benefits, and disruption to provide a basis for differential treatment planning. Can be used for, during, and after treatment assessment to determine changes in perception of the adolescent's psychosocial and substance use problems.
Type of Assessment:
ASAP is a self-report instrument that may be either self-administered or administered through an interview structure. It provides a broad-based assessment of the major risk factors and an indepth assessment of involvement in substance use. It is composed of broad scales that measure the general areas of psychosocial adjustment and substance use and primary scales that provide more specific measurements of family and mental health problems and drug use benefits and drug use disruption.
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Family adjustment
Mental health symptoms
Negative peer influence
School adjustment
Deviancy and conduct problems
Substance use comprising the following measures:
Attitude toward drug use
Drug use exposure and extent (number of drugs)
Involvement in nine drug categories (alcohol, marijuana, amphetamines, cocaine, inhalants, hallucinogens, heroin, pain killers, and tranquilizers and sedatives)
Substance use symptoms and disruption
Substance use benefits
Substance dependence (based on DSM-IV criteria)
Reading Level:
6th to 7th grade
Credentials and Training:
Certified addictions counselors, psychologists, social workers, physicians, licensed professional counselors
Completion Time:
Self-administered, 25-50 minutes depending on client reading level, degree of involvement in different drugs, and degree of psychosocial problems
Scoring Procedures:
All items are grouped by scoring domain, and thus hand scoring is easy and quick. Raw scores are converted into decile and percentile scores through a user-friendly profile. Several reference or normative groups are available, including adolescents admitted to both rural and urban outpatient treatment centers (n=3,500), juvenile justice probation clients, (n=1,500) and committed juvenile offenders (n=1,200). Computer administration and scoring is available.
Scoring Time:
5 to 10 minutes including plotting profile. Automated scoring version is currently being developed.
General Commentary:
ASAP was developed using multivariate methods and procedures. Factor patterns of the 20 broad and 15 primary scales have been replicated across a variety of samples. All scales have good to excellent reliabilities. ASAP manual provides good evidence of content and construct validity. Several scales of ASAP can be used to test for treatment outcome through a repeated measures model. Scales can be interpreted from both a risk- and strength-based perspective.
Access:
Center for Addictions Research and Evaluation
5460 Ward Road
Suite 140
Arvada, CO 80002
Pricing Information:
ASAP is distributed on the basis of restricted-license use. Original material (test booklet, answer sheets, profiles) and a manual are provided to the user. Cost is as follows:
$50.00 for fewer than 100 administrations per year
$100.00 for 100 to 299 administrations per year
$200.00 for 300 to 500 administrations per year
More than 500 administrations per year negotiated with distributor
Reviewed in:
Leccese and Waldron, 1994
Title of Instrument:
The American Drug and Alcohol Survey (ADAS)
Introduction:
ADAS is a self-report inventory of drug use and related behaviors that is administered in school classrooms. Two versions of ADAS are available: the Children's Form (4th-6th grade) and the Adolescent Form (6th-12th grade). In addition, supplemental inserts are available for the 6th-12th grade version. One of these provides an indepth measure of tobacco use, and the other assesses a variety of factors relevant to planning and evaluating prevention programs.
Developer/Address:
E.R.
Oetting, Ph.D.
Ruth W.
Edwards, Ph.D.
Fred Beauvais, Ph.D.
Rocky Mountain Behavioral Science Institute, Inc. (RMBSI)
419 Canyon Avenue, Suite 316
Fort Collins, CO 80521
Inquiries:
Patricia Waters, Director of Professional Services
RMBSI, Inc.
See address above
(800) 447-6354
Purpose:
ADAS is used by schools and school districts to assess the levels of substance use among their students. The results are used to create community awareness of the magnitude of drug use among youth, to assist in targeting prevention efforts toward existing local drug use patterns, to evaluate prevention program effectiveness, and to serve as a needs assessment in seeking prevention resources.
Type of Assessment:
Self-report, paper and pencil
Life Areas/Problems Assessed:
Children's Form (4th-6th grade) drug survey:
Drug and alcohol prevalence (5 classes of substances)
Lifetime, annual, last-30-day use
Peer encouragement and sanctions
School adjustment
Family sanctions and caring
Adolescent Form (6th-12th grade) drug survey:
Drug and alcohol prevalence (21 classes of substances)
Lifetime, annual, last-30-day use
Peer and family encouragement and sanctions
Drug use consequences
Location of drug use
High-risk drug behaviors
Perceived harm and availability
Future intent
Prevention Planning Survey (available only as a supplement to the Adolescent ADAS):
School adjustment
Family adjustment
Peer relationships
Violence and victimization
Gang involvement
Emotional adjustment/distress
Prevention program involvement
Completion Time:
30 to 50 minutes depending on whether inserts are used
Credentials/Training:
Instructions are provided for classroom teachers (or others selected to administer the survey) and students. No additional training required.
Scoring Procedures:
Surveys are returned to RMBSI for scanning and data analysis. RMBSI prepares complete reports for each participating school or district including an executive summary, detailed report, press release, overhead transparencie
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