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A Guide to Substance Abuse Services for Primary Care Clinicians
Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 24

Appendix E -- Bibliography

Abel, E.A., and Sokol, R.J.: A revised conservative estimate of the incidence of FAS and its economic impact. Alcohol: Clinical and Experimental Research 15:514-524, 1991.

Adams, W.L.; Yuan, Z.; Barboriak, J.J.; and Rimm, A.A.: Alcohol-related hospitalizations of elderly people. Prevalence and geographic location in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 270(10):1222-1225, 1993.

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.: Smoking Cessation: A Guide for Primary Care Clinicians. Pub. No. 96-0693. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1996. http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/smokepcc.htm [Accessed June 19, 1997].

Allen, J.P.; Maisto, S.A.; and Connors, G.J.: Self-report screening tests for alcohol problems in primary care. Archives of Internal Medicine 155(16):1726-1730, 1995.

American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs.: AMA Guidelines for Physician Involvement in the Care of Substance-Abusing Patients. Chicago: The American Medical Association, 1979a.

American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs.: Guidelines for Alcoholism Diagnosis, Treatment and Referral. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1979b.

American Medical Association, Council on Scientific Affairs.: Alcohol and the driver. Journal of the American Medical Association 255:522-527, 1986.

American Medical Association.: Alcoholism in the Elderly: Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention. Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1995.

American Psychiatric Association.: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994a.

American Psychiatric Association.: The Quick Reference to the Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994b.

American Psychiatric Association.: Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Patients With Substance Use Disorders: Alcohol, Cocaine, Opioids. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1995.

American Society of Addiction Medicine.: Patient Placement Criteria for the Treatment of Substance-Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Washington, DC: American Society of Addiction Medicine, 1996.

Anthenelli, R.M., and Schuckit, M.A.: Genetics. In: Lowinson, J.H.; Ruiz, P.; and Millman, R.B., eds. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. pp. 39-50.

Antti-Poika, I.; Karaharju, E.; Roine, R.; and Salaspuro, M.: Intervention of heavy drinking: A prospective and controlled study of 438 consecutive injured male patients. Alcohol and Alcoholism 23(2):115-121, 1988.

Azrin, N.H.; McMahon, P.T.; Donohue, B.; Besalel, V.; Lapinski, K.J.; Kogan, E.S.; Acierno, R.E.; and Falloway, E.: Behavior therapy for drug abuse: A controlled treatment outcome study. Behaviour Research and Therapy 32(8):857-866, 1994.

Babor, T.F.; Brown, J.; and DelBoca, F.K.: Validity of self-reports in applied research on addictive behaviors: Fact or fiction? Behavioral Assessment 12:5-31, 1990.

Babor, T.F.; de la Fuente, J.R.; Saunders, J.; and Grant, M.: AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.

Babor, T.F., and Grant, M., eds.: Project on Identification and Management of Alcohol-Related Problems. Report on Phase II: A Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions in Primary Health Care. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 1992.

Babor, T.F.; Kranzler, H.R.; and Lauerman, R.J.: Early detection of harmful alcohol consumption: Comparison of clinical, laboratory, and self-report screening procedures. Addictive Behaviors 14(2):139-157, 1989.

Balas, E.A.; Austin, S.M.; Mitchell, J.A.; Ewigman, B.G.; Bopp, K.D.; and Brown, G.D.: The clinical value of computerized information services: A review of 98 randomized clinical trials. Archives of Family Medicine 5:271-278, 1996.

Bandstra, E.S., and Burkett, G.: Maternal-fetal and neonatal effects of in utero cocaine exposure. Seminars in Perinatology 15(4):288-301, 1991.

Barry, K.L., and Fleming, M.F.: Computerized administration of alcoholism screening tests in a primary care setting. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 3:93-98, 1990.

Barry, K.L., and Fleming, M.F.: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the SMAST-13: Predictive validity in a rural primary care sample. Alcohol and Alcoholism 28(1):33-42, 1993.

Beck, A.T.: Beck Depression Inventory. Philadelphia, PA: Center for Cognitive Therapy, 1961.

Beresford, T.P.; Blow, F.C.; Hill, E.; Singer, K.; and Lucey, M.R.: Comparison of CAGE questionnaire and computer-assisted laboratory profiles for screening for covert alcoholism. Lancet 336(8713):482-485, 1990.

Bernadt, M.W.; Mumford, J.; Taylor, C.; Smith, B.; and Murray, R.M.: Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism. Lancet 1(8267):325-328, 1982.

Berwick, D.M.: From measuring to managing the improvement of prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 11:385-387, 1995.

Bien, T.H.; Miller, W.R.; and Tonigan, J.S.: Brief interventions for alcohol problems: A review. Addiction 88:315-336, 1993.

Blouin, A.G.; Perez, E.L.; and Blouin, J.H.: Computerized administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Psychiatry Research 23:335-344, 1988.

Blow, F.C.; Brower, K.J.; Schulenberg, J.E.; Demo-Dananberg, L.M.; Young, J.P.; and Beresford, T.P.: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test -- Geriatric Version (MAST-G): A new elderly specific screening instrument. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 16:372, 1992.

Bohn, M.J.; Babor, T.F.; and Kranzler, H.R.: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): Validation of a screening instrument for use in medical settings. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 56(4):423-432, 1995.

Brook, D.W., and Brook, J.S.: The etiology and consequences of adolescent drug use. In: Watson, R.R., ed. Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention. Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, 1990.

Brown, R.L.: Identification and office management of alcohol and drug disorders. In: Fleming, M.F., and Barry, K.L., eds. Addictive Disorders. Baltimore, MD: Mosby Yearbook, 1992. pp. 25-43.

Brown, R.L., and Rounds, L.A.: Conjoint screening questionnaires for alcohol and other drug abuse: Criterion validity in a primary care practice. Wisconsin Medical Journal 94(3):135-140, 1995.

Buchsbaum, D.G.; Buchanan, R.G.; Centor, R.M.; Schnoll, S.H.; and Lawton, M.J.: Screening for alcohol abuse using CAGE scores and likelihood ratios. Annals of Internal Medicine 115:774-777, 1991.

Buchsbaum, D.G.; Welsh, J.; Buchanan, R.G.; and Elswich, R.K., Jr.: Screening for drinking problems by patient self-report. Even "safe" levels may indicate a problem. Archives of Internal Medicine 155(1):104-108, 1995.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Pregnant, Substance-Using Women. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 2. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 93-1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993a.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Screening and Assessment of Alcohol- and Other Drug-Abusing Adolescents. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 3. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 93-2009. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993b.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Guidelines for the Treatment of Alcohol- and Other Drug-Abusing Adolescents. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 4. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 93-2010. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993c.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Intensive Outpatient Treatment for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 8. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 94-2077. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994a.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Assessment and Treatment of Patients with Coexisting Mental Illness and Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 9. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 94-2078. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994b.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Simple Screening Instruments for Outreach for Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse and Infectious Diseases. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 11. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 94-2094. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994c.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: The Role and Current Status of Patient Placement Criteria in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 13. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 95-3021. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995a.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Alcohol and Other Drug Screening of Hospitalized Trauma Patients. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 16. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 95-3041. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995b.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: Detoxification from Alcohol and Other Drugs. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series, Number 19. DHHS Pub. No. (SMA) 95-3046. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1995c.

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment.: The National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study. Preliminary Report: The Persistent Effects of Substance Abuse Treatment -- One Year Later. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, September 1996.

Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse.: The Cost of Substance Abuse to America's Health Care System. New York: Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, 1993.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome -- United States, 1979-1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 42:339-341, 1993.

Chafetz, M.E.: A procedure for establishing contact with the alcoholic. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 22:325-328, 1961.

Chafetz, M.E.: Research in the alcohol clinic: An around the clock psychiatric service of the Massachusetts General Hospital. American Journal of Psychiatry 124:1634-1679, 1968.

Chafetz, M.E.; Blane, H.T.; Abram, H.S.; and Golner, J.: Establishing treatment relations with alcoholics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 134:395-409, 1962.

Chafetz, M.E.; Blane, H.T.; and Clark, E.: Establishing treatment relations with alcoholics: A supplementary report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 138:390-393, 1964.

Chan, A.W.; Pristach, E.A.; Welte, J.W.; and Russell, M.: Use of the TWEAK test in screening for alcoholism/heavy drinking in three populations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 17(6):1188-1192, 1993.

Chastain, S.: The accidental addict. Modern Maturity 35(1), 1992.

Cherpitel, C.J.: Breath analysis and self-reports as measures of alcohol-related emergency room admissions. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 50(2):155-161, 1989.

Cherpitel, C.J.: Screening for alcohol problems in the emergency room: A rapid alcohol problems screen. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 40(2):133-137, 1995.

Cherpitel, C.J., and Clark, W.B.: Ethnic differences in performance of screening instruments for identifying harmful drinking and alcohol dependence in the emergency room. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19(3):628-634, 1995.

Chick, J.; Lloyd, G.; and Crombie, E.: Counseling problem drinkers in medical wards: A controlled study. British Medical Journal 290:965-967, 1984.

Chick, J.; Ritson, B.; Connaughton, J.; Stewart, A.; and Chick, J.: Advice versus extended treatment for alcoholism: A controlled study. British Journal of Addictions 83:159-170, 1988.

Cleary, P.D.; Miller, M.; Bush, B.T.; Warburg, M.M.; Delbanco, T.L.; and Aronson, M.D.: Prevalence and recognition of alcohol abuse in a primary care population. American Journal of Medicine 85:466-471, 1988.

Cohen, S.J.; Christen, A.G.; Katz, B.P.; Drook, C.A.; Davis, B.J.; Smith, D.M.; and Stookey, G.K.: Counseling medical and dental patients about cigarette smoking: The impact of nicotine gum and chart reminders. American Journal of Public Health 77:313-316, 1987.

College of Family Physicians of Canada.: Alcohol Risk Assessment and Intervention (ARAI): Resource Manual for Family Physicians. Ontario, Canada: The College of Family Physicians of Canada, 1994.

Collins, A.C.: Genetics as a tool for identifying biological markers of drug abuse. In: Braude, M.C., and Chao, H.M., eds. Genetic and Biological Markers in Drug Abuse and Alcoholism. NIDA Research Monograph Series, Number 66. ADM Pub. No. 86-1444. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1986. pp. 57-70.

Community Epidemiology Work Group.: Epidemiologic Trends in Drug Abuse -- December 1995. Volume I: Highlights and Executive Summary. Pub. No. (ADM) 96-4128. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996.

Cummings, S.R.; Coates, T.J.; Richard, R.J.; Hansen, B.; Zahnd, E.G.; VanderMartin, R.; Duncan, C.; Gerbert, B.; Martin, A.; and Stein, M.J.: Training physicians in counseling about smoking cessation: A randomized trial of the "Quit for Life" program. Annals of Internal Medicine 110:640-647, 1989.

Davis, D.A.; Thomson, M.A.; Oxman, A.D.; and Haynes, R.B.: Changing physician performance: A systematic review of the effect for continuing medical education strategies. Journal of the American Medical Association 274:700-705, 1995.

Dawson, D.A., and Grant, B.F.: Family history and gender: Their combined effects on DSM-IV alcohol dependence and major depression. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, in press.

DeHart, S.S., and Hoffmann, N.G.: Screening and diagnosis of "alcohol abuse and dependence" in older adults. The International Journal of the Addictions 30(13&14):1717-1747, 1995.

Drummond, D.C.; Thom, B.; Brown, C.; Edwards, G.; and Mullan, J.: Specialist versus general practitioner treatment of problem drinkers. Lancet 336:915-918, 1990.

Dube, C.E., and Lewis, D.C., eds.: Project ADEPT Curriculum for Primary Care Physician Training. Providence, RI: Brown University, 1994.

Edwards, G., and Orford, J.: A plain treatment for alcoholism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 70:344-348, 1977.

Edwards, G.; Orford, J.; Egert, S.; Guthrie, S.; Hawker, A.; Hensman, C.; Mitcheson, M.; Oppenheimer, E.; and Taylor, C.: Alcoholism: A controlled trial of treatment and advice. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 38(5):1004-1031, 1977.

Elster, A.B., and Kuznets, N.J.: AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS): Recommendations and Rationale. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.

Elvy, G.A.; Wells, J.E.; and Baird, K.A.: Attempted referral as intervention for problem drinking in the general hospital. British Journal of Addiction 83:83-89, 1988.

Ewing, J.A.: Detecting alcoholism: The CAGE Questionnaire. Journal of the American Medical Association 252:1905-1907, 1984.

Finigan, M.: Societal Outcomes of Drug and Alcohol Treatment in the State of Oregon. Oregon: Office of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Programs, 1996.

Finney, J.W., and Monahan, S.C.: The cost effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: A second approximation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 57:229-243, 1996.

Fleming, M.F.: Competencies for substance abuse training. In: Sirica, C., ed. Training About Alcohol and Substance Abuse for all Primary Care Physicians. A Conference Sponsored by the Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1995. pp. 213-247.

Fleming, M.F., and Barry, K.L.: A three-sample test of a masked alcohol screening questionnaire. Alcohol & Alcoholism 26(1):81-91, 1991.

Fleming, M.F., and Barry, K.L.: Clinical overview of alcohol and drug disorders. In: Fleming, M.F., and Barry, K.L., eds. Addictive Disorders. Chicago: Mosby Yearbook, 1992. pp. 3-21.

Fleming, M.F.; Barry, K.L.; Davis, A.; Kahn, R.; and Rivo, M.: Faculty development in addiction medicine: Project SAEFP, a one-year follow-up study. Family Medicine 26(4):221-225, 1994.

Fleming, M.F.; Barry, K.L.; and MacDonald, R.: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a college sample. The International Journal of the Addictions 26(11):1173-1185, 1991.

Fleming, M.F.; Barry, K.L.; Manwell, L.B.; Johnson, K.; and London, R.: A Trial of Early Alcohol Treatment (Project TrEAT): A randomized trial of brief physician advice in community-based primary care practices, in press.

Fleming, M.; Bruno, M.; Barry, K.; and Fost, N.: Informed consent, deception, and the use of disguised alcohol questionnaires. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 15:309-315, 1989.

Gardner, E.L.: Brain reward mechanisms. In: Lowinson, J.H.; Ruiz, P.; and Millman, R.B., eds. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. pp. 70-99.

Gavin, E.R.; Ross, H.E.; and Skinner, H.A.: Diagnostic validity of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in the assessment of the DSM-III drug disorders. British Journal of Addiction 84:301-307, 1989.

Gentilello, L.M.; Cobean, R.A.; Walker, A.P.; Moore, E.E.; Wertz, M.J.; and Dellinger, E.P.: Acute ethanol intoxication increases the risk of infection following penetrating abdominal trauma. Journal of Trauma 34(5):669-674; discussion 674-675, 1993.

Gerstein, D.R., and Harwood, H.J., eds.: Institute of Medicine. Treating Drug Problems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.

Gibb, K.A.; Yee, A.S.; Johnston, C.C.; Martin, S.D.; and Nowak, R.M.: Accuracy and usefulness of a breath alcohol analyzer. Annals of Emergency Medicine 13(7):516-520, 1984.

Gjerde, H.; Amundsen, A.; Skog, O.J.; Morland, J.; and Aasland, O.G.: Serum gamma-glutamyl transferase: An epidemiological indicator of alcohol consumption? British Journal of Addiction 82(9):1027-1031, 1987.

Gordis, E., and Allen, J.P.: Research opportunities in typology and genetics of alcoholism. Annals of the New York Academy of Science708:214-217, 1994.

Gorsuch, R.L.: Religious aspects of substance abuse and recovery. Journal of Social Issues 51(2):65-84, 1995.

Gorsuch, R.L., and McPherson, S.E.: Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E revised and single item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 28:348-354, 1989.

Graham, A.: Screening for lifestyle risk assessment in a community hospital. Archives of Internal Medicine 151:958-964, 1991.

Grant, B.F.; Harford, T.C.; Dawson, D.A.; Chou, P.; Dufour, M.; and Pickering, R.: Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1992. Alcohol Health & Research World 18(3):243-248, 1994.

Hanley-Hazelden Center.: How To Talk to an Older Person Who Has a Problem With Alcohol or Medications. West Palm Beach, FL: Hanley-Hazelden Center, 1991.

Hawkins, J.D.; Catalano, R.F.; and Miller, J.Y.: Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse problems. Psychological Bulletin 112:64-105, 1992.

Hawkins, J.D.; Lishner, D.M.; and Catalano, R.F.: Childhood predictors and the prevention of adolescent substance abuse. In: Jones, C.L., and Battjes, R.J., eds. Etiology of Drug Abuse: Implications for Prevention. NIDA Research Monograph Series, Number 56. ADM Pub. No. 85-1335. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1985. pp. 75-125.

Hays, R.D.; Hill, L.; and Gillogly, J.J.: Response times for the CAGE, Short-MAST, AUDIT, and JELLINEK alcohol scales. Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 25(2):304-307, 1993.

Heath, A.C.; Jardin, R.; and Martin, N.B.: Interactive effects of genotype and social environment on alcohol consumption in female twins. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 59:38-48, 1989.

Heather, N.; Kissoon-Singh, J.; and Fenton, G.W.: Assisted natural recovery from alcohol problems: Effects of a self-help manual with and without supplementary telephone contact. British Journal of Addiction 85:1177-1185, 1990.

Heather, N.; Rollnick, S.; and Bell, A.: Predictive validity of the readiness to change questionnaire. Addiction 88:1667-1677, 1993.

Heather, N.; Whitton, B.; and Robertson, I.: Evaluation of a self-help manual for media-recruited problem drinkers: Six-month follow-up results. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 5:19-34, 1986.

Hjortdahl, P., and Laerum, E.: Continuity of care in general practice: Effect on patient satisfaction. British Journal of Medicine 304:1287-1290, 1992.

Holder, H.; Longabaugh, R.; Miller, W.R.; and Rubonis, A.V.: The cost effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: A first approximation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52:517-540, 1991.

Hurt, R.D.; Morse, R.M.; and Swenson, W.M.: Diagnosis of alcoholism with a self-administered alcoholism screening test: Results with 1002 consecutive patients receiving general examinations. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 55:365-370, 1980.

Institute for Health Policy, Brandeis University.: Substance Abuse: The Nation's Number One Health Problem: Key Indicators for Policy. Princeton, NJ: The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 1993.

Institute of Medicine.: Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.

Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Future of Primary Care. Donaldson, M.S.; Yordy, K.D.; Lohr, K.N.; and Vanselow, N.A., eds.: Primary Care: America's Health in a New Era. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine, 1996.http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/primary/summary.html [Accessed Nov 4, 1996].

Johnson, B.D., and Muffler, J.: Sociocultural aspects of drug use and abuse in the 1990s. In: Lowinson, J.H.; Ruiz, P.; and Millman, R.B., eds. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. pp. 118-137.

Johnston, L.D.; O'Malley, P.M.; and Bachman, J.G.: National Survey Results on Drug Use From the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1995. Volume I: Secondary School Students. NIH Pub. No. 97-4139. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996.

Kahan, M.; Wilson, L.; and Becker, L.: Effectiveness of physician-based interventions with problem drinkers: A review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 152(6):851-859, 1995.

Kandel, D.B.; Simcha-Fagan, O.; and Davies, M.: Risk factors for delinquency and illicit drug use from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Drug Issues 60:67-90, 1986.

Kemper, K.J.; Greteman, A.; Bennett, E.; and Babonis, T.R.: Screening mothers of young children for substance abuse. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics 14(5):308-312, 1993.

Kessler, R.C.; McGonagle, K.A.; Zhao, S.; Nelson, C.B.; Hughes, M.; Eshleman, S.; Wittchen, H.U.; and Kendler, K.S.: Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 51:8-19, 1994.

Kibbe, D.C.; Bentz, E.; and McLaughlin, C.P.: Continuous quality improvement for continuity of care. Journal of Family Practice 36:304-308, 1993.

Koob, G.E., and Bloom, F.E.: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science 242:715-723, 1988.

Kristenson, H.; Ohlin, H.; Hulten-Mosslin, M.B.; Trell, E.; and Hood, B.: Identification and intervention of heavy drinking in middle-aged men: Results and followup of 24-60 months of long-term study with randomized controls. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 7(2):203-209, 1983.

Landry, M.J.: Understanding Drugs of Abuse: The Process of Addiction, Treatment, and Recovery. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994.

Landry, M.J.: Overview of Addiction Treatment Effectiveness. Pub. No. (SMA) 96-3081. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1996.

Landry, M.J.; Smith, D.E.; McDuff, D.R.; and Baughman, O.L. III.: Anxiety and substance use disorders: The treatment of high-risk patients. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice 4:447-456, 1991a.

Landry, M.J.; Smith, D.E.; McDuff, D.R.; and Baughman, O.L. III.: Benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal: Identification and medical management. Journal of the American Board of Family Practitioners 5(2):167-175, 1991b.

Liepman, M.R.; Nirenberg, T.D.; and Begin, A.M.: Evaluation of a program designed to help family and significant others to motivate resistant alcoholics into recovery. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 15(2):209-221, 1989.

Longabaugh, R.; Minugh, P.A.; Nirenberg, T.D.; Clifford, P.R.; Becker, B.; and Wollard, R.: Injury as a motivator to reduce drinking. Academic Emergency Medicine 2(9):817-825, 1995.

Maisto, S.A.; McKay, J.R.; and Connors, J.J.: Self-report issues in substance abuse: State of the art and future directions. Behavioral Assessment 12(1):117-134, 1990.

Mann, J.J.: Psychobiologic predictors of suicide. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 48(Suppl. 12):39-43, 1987.

Manwell, L.; Fleming, M.F.; Barry, K.; and Johnson, K.: Tobacco, alcohol, and drug use in a primary care sample: 90 day prevalence and associated factors. Journal of Addictive Diseases, in press.

Marlatt, G.A.; Baer, J.S.; Donavan, D.M.; and Kivlan, D.R.: Addictive behaviors: Etiology and treatment. Annual Review of Psychology 39:223-252, 1988.

McGinnis, J.M., and Foege, W.H.: Actual causes of death in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 270:2207-2212, 1993.

McGue, M.: Genes, environment, and the etiology of alcoholism. In: Zucker, R.; Boyd, G.; and Howard, J., eds. The Development of Alcohol Problems: Exploring the Biopsychosocial Matrix of Risk. NIAAA Research Monograph Series, Number 26. NIH Pub. No. 94-3495. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1994. pp. 1-40.

Meyer, R.E.: How to understand the relationship between psychopathology and addictive disorders: Another example of the chicken and the egg. In: Meyer, R.E., ed. Psychopathology and Addictive Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press, 1986. pp. 3-16.

Midanik, L.T.: Perspectives on the validity of self-reported alcohol use. British Journal on Addiction 84(12):1419-1423, 1989.

Miller, W.R.; Brown, J.M.; Simpson, T.L.; Handmaker, N.S.; Bien, T.H.; Luckie, L.F.; Montgomery, H.A.; Hester, R.K.; and Tonigan, J.S. What works? A methodological analysis.: In: Hester, R.K., and Miller, W.R., eds. Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives. New York: Guilford Press, 1995. pp. 12-44.

Miller, W.R., and Rollnick, S.: Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People To Change Addictive Behavior. New York: Guilford Press, 1991.

Miller, W.R., and Sanchez, V.C.: Motivating young adults for treatment and lifestyle change. In: Howard, G.S., and Nathan, P.E., eds. Alcohol Use and Misuse by Young Adults. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1994. pp. 55-81.

Miller, W.R., and Sovereign, R.: The check-up: A model for early intervention in addictive behaviors. In: Loberg, T.; Miller, W.; Nathan, P.; and Marlatt, G., eds. Addictive Behaviors: Prevention and Early Intervention. Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1989. pp. 219-231.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.: Eighth Special Report to the U.S. Congress on Alcohol and Health. NIH Pub. No. 94-3699. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1993.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.: Assessing Alcohol Problems: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers. Allen, J.P.; and Columbus, M., eds. NIAAA Treatment Handbook Series, Number 4. NIH Pub. No. 95-3745. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995a.

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.: The Physicians' Guide to Helping Patients With Alcohol Problems. NIH Pub. No. 95-3769. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 1995b.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.: Recovery Training and Self-Help: Relapse Prevention and Aftercare for Drug Addicts. NIH Pub. No. 93-3521. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1993.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.: Assessing Drug Abuse Among Adolescents and Adults: Standardized Instruments. NIH Pub. No. 94-3757. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1994.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.: Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research: The Fifth Triennial Report to Congress. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1996.

National Institute on Drug Abuse.: Drug Abuse and Drug Abuse Research: The Fourth Triennial Report to Congress. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, unpublished.

Newcomb, M.D.: Identifying high-risk youth: Prevalence and patterns of adolescent drug abuse. In: Rahdert, E., and Czechowicz, D., eds. Adolescent Drug Abuse: Clinical Assessment and Therapeutic Interventions. NIDA Research Monograph Series, Number 156. NIH Pub. No. 95-3908. Rockville, MD: U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1995. pp. 7-38.

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